Duality in the diolomatic relationship between Vietnam and China during the reign of kings Gia Long and Minh Menh (1802-1841)

Abstract

This article reconstructs the basic diplomatic activities between Vietnam and China during the 40 years from 1802 to 1841, a period when their relationship had not yet been influenced or directly intervened by external factors. It highlights the duality of their relationship: On the one hand, Vietnam was a "peripheral" country dependent on China, seeking cultural, economic, and institutional "salvation" from China. On the other hand, Vietnam and China were always in a state of confrontation, creating a centrifugal tendency due to the asymmetry of interests. The article also points out that, of these two tendencies, the dependence trend was only relative and formal, while the centrifugal tendency was dominant. This strong centrifugal trend led to a shift in Vietnam's position from being a "vassal"/"peripheral" country under China's control to becoming a centre" in its relationship with smaller countries in Southeast Asia. Based on the diplomatic behaviour of Gia Long and Minh Menh, this article suggests valuable lessons and experiences for Vietnam's current relationship with larger centres in the region and the world.